Transforming Europe's energy consumption: From fossil fuels to the rise of renewable energy

Abstract

Understanding the energy consumption patterns of European countries is essential for achieving sustainability goals, enhancing energy security, and supporting the development of effective energy transition policies. This study examines the distribution of energy consumption across Europe, with particular attention to changes in the share of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources between 2002 and 2022. The analysis draws on per capita energy consumption data and applies cluster analysis to identify characteristic national energy profiles. To improve interpretability, countries were grouped into deciles rather than relying on graphical visualization. In addition, both linear and exponential relationships between energy consumption and GDP per capita were examined, while outliers were identified and excluded to enhance the robustness of the results.

The findings indicate a clear transformation in European energy systems, with most countries reducing their reliance on fossil fuels while increasing the share of renewable energy sources. Six distinct energy consumption clusters were identified, reflecting different national strategies and structural characteristics. Iceland and Norway stand out as leading examples of renewable energy use. The analysis further reveals an exponential relationship between GDP and energy consumption, indicating that energy use increases at a non-linear rate with economic growth. At the same time, the expansion of renewable energy use has been more dynamic than that of total energy consumption. Furthermore, high-income countries exhibit structural deviations from the general positive relationship between GDP and per capita energy consumption, which can be explained by differences in economic structure, energy intensity, and institutional context. Overall, the findings highlight the diversity of national energy transition pathways and underline the importance of energy diversification and the expansion of renewable energy sources. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers, supporting the design of regionally adapted energy strategies and sustainability-oriented policy interventions.